Schizophrenia Essays (462 words) - Schizophrenia,

Schizophrenia My Proposal Schizophrenia is a disastrous mental illness present in 1% of the world's population. Doctors are still unsure of the causes of schizophrenia, and no medical cure has been discovered for this illness. Physicians have developed medical treatments, although the problem is getting the patient to stay on the medication, which contains many side affects. Many alternative medications have been tested for instance marijuana is believed to help schizophrenics battle their illness. Schizophrenics should be admitted to hospitals where doctors can be positive they are correctly diagnosed, and make sure they're not dangerous, and can survive in society. Schizophrenia is probably the most misunderstood illness in society today. Even doctors have a hard time agreeing on what forms of treatment are best for the patient. From pills to marijuana all types of drugs are used, a recent study showed only 29% of over 2 million Americans suffering from schizophrenia, get the correct dose of the correct medication. Most doctors would agree that isolation only deepens the illness, so the more social a schizoid is the better. However, schizophrenic's can be very dangerous in public, one mental patient named shoved a woman to her death under a subway train for no apparent reason. This is a frightening thing; a way to control schizos is needed for Americans to feel safe. By having schizophrenic (or mentally ill) people stay in a special hospital for a short period of time, will greatly help with the current problems caused by schizophrenia. In a hospital a patient will be able to receive proper medication from a highly experienced doctor, and also will become familiar with the medicine and how to take it properly. Also the patient will be able to socialize with others, who have a similar illness. The patients may receive psychiatric help if they do become violent. Finally, once the patients prove to be mentally fit, properly diagnosed, and able to constantly take their medicine they will be aloud back in the real world, and others should have nothing to fear. To gain information on this topic, I will search for recent studies on the Internet, magazines, and newspapers. Also I will browse through the school and the public library. An interview with some doctors or psychiatrists would be very helpful as well. By using all of the previous resources I will be able to develop many interesting ideas on schizophrenia, and its problems today. To begin researching this topic I will need the complete support of my teacher. Hopefully, once I have obtained permission I will be able to develop an interesting point of view on this topic. It would also be terrific when my research essay is complete if it would be used to help educate those who are unfamiliar with schizophrenia. Science

Susan Faludi essays

Susan Faludi essays I AM NOT A BARBIE DOLL. Before you even start reading, these capital letters catch your eye. To add more, she tells us it was held up by a little girl, which plays with our emotions. Susan Faludi uses very great strategies to grab attention. Facts, strong words, emotion, and outside sources. She adds more drama to her subject. When you read the handout, you can hear the sad background music and see the pictures of suffering women. Faludi keeps interest throughout the introduction. She does not leave any spots that allow our minds to wander and think about other subjects. It is very dense, meaning that it is not just a few sentences filled in with repetition and words to drag out the paragraph. The introduction has a great set up. Faludi begins with a fact, something we cannot doubt. Then we get a little history, followed by a quote from another book. She adds another fact, one in which emotion is involved. The finish states her argument when she has our undivided attention. With this great structure, you can hear Faludi on the podium arguing her point to hundreds of audience members. The reading gives facts that cannot be argued with. They are half (in fact, now more then half) of the national population... Faludi lists examples and quotes that get your mind on the subject immediately. She lists things that are real like dates, events, books, and people. Susan Faludi carefully picks strong words and phrases: Feminist, capacity, fighting, independence, free, define, be forced to choose, public justice, private happiness. ...a simply worded sign hoisted by a little girl... If she were to use less colorful words, it would lose interest and sound too informative. Arguments that are stated well with colorful words is what gets people who do not care to start showing some interest. It gets the person who began reading, and would usually end halfway through, to ...

Research methodologies, section of Philosophy,Subjectivity,Objectivety Essay

Research methodologies, section of Philosophy,Subjectivity,Objectivety and Ethical consideration - Essay Example Interpretivist believes that thorough analysis can only be conducted in the natural settings of the study while the researcher participates in this natural environment and interprets its subjective understandings. Interpretivist further argue social research has multiple dimensions and according to their research philosophy the effects of researchers own opinion and effects of researcher’s presence upon study cannot be neglected. They concede that knowledge has multiple facets of reality while with the intervention of the researcher, the environmental settings multiply and many aspects come to the screen which help in accessing more and more scientific knowledge. These multiple realities can be explored by multiple structured processes but their interpretations are very difficult to explore because they have interdependent epistemologies (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Now this intermingled knowledge can be accessed through examining the social construction of the settings and through subjective interpretations which is the backbone of interpretivism doctrine (CARSON, 2001).). It implies that interpretivists design researches considering the social structures and values of the environment under study which makes the research structure and methodology to be more flexible and judgmental because interpretivist attempt to get through multiple dimensions of the research. In order to design a humanly interactive research model which can perceive multiple realities; the interpretivists come in contrast with positivists who focus more empirical analysis. Interpretivist researcher like other researchers also have prior insight of the research topic but as their belief assert the concept of multiple, complex and unpredictable realities; they don’t rely on prescribed research design rather they have the perception to adapt interactive and collaborative ideas according to the natural social construction of reality. This sense of adaptability among interpretivists mar k their research authenticity with the belief of human ability to adapt and explore multiple realities with the passage of time and experience (Hudson and Ozanne, 2005). Positivists try to explore cause and effect of any study and then generalize the estimated result over the whole population while interpretivists struggle to examine specific human and social emerging behaviors such as in a society if death of an individual has taken place, interpretivists will analyze the motives, reasons, timing and context of mourn in the society and then will specify their cultural and traditional epistemology in the process (Hudson and Ozanne 1988). Philosophy of interpretivism assert that human and social behavior cannot be generalized because sociological dealings are way different than natural sciences. Interpretivism further assert that social reality and epistemology is not out there to be collected rather it has to be explored through subjective analysis. Philosophical base of Interpretiv ism states that in examining social reality and knowledge objectivity has no place while positivist contrastingly support that seeing is believing. 3.3.2 Positivism: Positivism is the philosophical doctrine of social science research which follows the belief that social research should be conducted on the methods of natural sciences (Heywood; 2000). Positivists believe that knowledge is out there and that is required

Blood for sale Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blood for sale - Case Study Example The reduced value affects respect between the donor and the recipient. The British system similarly promotes blood supply better because it has no â€Å"economic and administrative† barriers that hinder quality and quantity of blood supply in the US system (Shaw, 2010, p. 87). The idea that buying and selling of blood reduces altruism is valid because buying and selling induce economic self-interest in donations instead of willingness to help others. This is contrary to the utilitarian intent of benefiting other members of the society (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell, 2009). Knowing that blood can be commercialized reduces a person’s willingness to donate blood since it limits blood’s worth to the determined cost. A potential donor who holds higher value for blood than the market price will therefore not derive utility in donating blood, will be less motivated, and will not be willing to donate (Shaw, 2010). Singer’s idea is true because the right to sell and the right to donate blood freely at no cash value are mutually exclusive and are determined by existence of consideration. Existence of consideration for example induces, automatically, demand and cash value for blood and eliminates the free will to donate blood that is needed at no cost (Shaw, 2010). Such a right exists in a person’s moral obligation to save life in circumstances where there is no blood in a reserve to save a life that in a critical condition and no capacity can avail blood to the patient (Fernando, 2010). Commercialization should be condemned due to its consequences that limit benefits to a few members of the society who can afford market prices. This will therefore risk lives of the majority who are not able to afford the commercialized commodities (Shaw, 2010). It is wrong to treat certain things as commodities, especially if such things are very essential to human life.

Cliff erosion and saltmarsh Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cliff erosion and saltmarsh - Assignment Example Cliff erosion or cliff retreat in particular has vast economical effects on property by indirectly playing part in land sliding. However, the eroded land is deposited somewhere else and they are in turn responsible for indirect creation of salt marshes. The paper will take a look at the process of cliff erosion along with the development of salt marshes at North Norfolk. The major processes involved are discussed in detail; 2. Cliff Erosion The Hunstanton cliffs in North Norfolk are considered as an example and a case for cliff erosion. They have a length of approximately three kilometers and a maximum height of 18 meters . The cliffs are composed of weak rock or chalk in particular. They are inclined at an angle of 60 degrees. The cliffs have retreated almost 30 meters in 127 years of observation. The major cause of Cliff Erosion is the cutting action of the waves. The waves come in contact with the lower base of the cliffs and move the base material by cutting away rocks. The process is accelerated by presence of cracks in rocks which assist in erosion and even weathering. Once the base is undercut, the cliff becomes unstable and the structure above sea level crashes. The rate of erosion depends on the angle at which the waves collide with the cliffs. In case of the Hunstanton cliffs, the waves run parallel to the cliffs. Rise in sea levels is a major concern for cliff erosions. It is estimated that by the year 2020, the sea levels can rise as much as 29 centimeters (Pethick, 1993). Global warming has accelerated the rate and the rise has serious consequences not only for islands but present indirect threat to settlements near cliffs. The effect reinforces the actions by tides and contributes towards erosion. Furthermore, this rise effects the embankments and in particular the estuaries. 2.3 Tectonic Activity A possible explanation for cliff failure for chalk based structures were pre existing cracks by tectonic activity (Mortimore and Duperret, 2004). The theory was presented by Mortimore in 1979 and relies on the concept that the cliff structures have cracks and fractures that were induced by tectonic activity in the region. The fractures make the cliffs unstable and vulnerable to the effects of erosion or weathering. Furthermore, tectonic activity has been linked to the effects of rising sea level. The crust changed its height over time and in turn the mean surface level decreased (Pethick, 1993). 3. Salt Marshes The North Norfolk coast has developed almost 12 distinct salt marshes over a period of 2000 years (Pethick, 1980). The area has seen development of marshes along the coastline as well as some area housing marshes inland. These marshes are spread across the length of 30 kilometers and therefore, experience almost similar tidal conditions. Some of the reasons for development of these marshes are discussed in detail; 3.1 Tidal Activity Tides are the main carrier for material and factor for development of salt marshes. Tides deliver material which can grow in sea water and sediments are continuously fed to the area. Marshes change over time and their geographical properties depend mainly on tidal activity. The low tides give an opportunity for the marsh to grow and the high tides deliver minerals from the surrounding areas. These are generally found in spits and embankme nts. Developing marshes however, are at sandy environments near the coastline. The mature marshes are covered for almost 7 to 10 hours in a single lunar cycle (Stoddart, Reed and French, 1989). If the marshes are

Swing Bridge General Earlier Bridge

Swing Bridge General Earlier Bridge The river Esk has been crossed for centuries and it has been maintained by Edward III in 1353, and has been repaired with hard wood from the Oak by John Sehlboty in 1407. In 1926 Riding justices decided that the bridge should be change to new structure bridge with movable parts. 96 years later the bridge was in very impoverished condition and was needed to be repaired, See Figure 1 earlier bridge whitby.png Figure 1 Earlier bascule bridge First Swing Bridge. The bridge was built in 1835 until 1908. The swing part was made from wood and the opening was by manned winches to allow the ships to pass through. After years opening system has been changed by water-driven opening engine. The problem was that the bridge gives limit pass to the ships by 13.72 meters, See Figure 2. scscsc.bmp Figure 2 first swing bridge Swing Bridge. The existing Swing Bridge was built after the First Swing Bridge by a year in 1909; its the third crossing bridge over the river Esk within the Habour zone of heart of Whitby. The bridge just turned 100 in 8th of August 2009. During 1966 to 1970, were 25 accidents recorded on 76.2 meters long. In addition the bridge has to open approximately every half an hour to let the ships passing through and this causes delay to both traffic and pedestrians around 5 minutes. The bridge carries (A171) that comes from Meddilsborough to Scarborough. Its one Way Bridge for traffic and two ways for large number of pedestrians, the bridge has insufficient dimensions regards to the traffic and pedestrians nowadays, its 4.2672 meters carriageway wide and footpath width of 1.05 meter. Throughout the high season the footpath it will be exceedingly packed and the people have to step out into the carriageway due to the restriction of footpath wideness without paying attention of oncoming vehicles. Even though sometimes the traffic indecisive to cross the bridge against other cars. As well as the when two big vehicles crossing along the bridge one of them has to mount on to the pavement to let the other vehicle pass through, see Figure 3. exesting swing bridge.png Figure 3 existing swing bridge Current condition of the bridge. The bridge has age of 100 years old and its over the expected age, at present time the Swing Bridge has annually maintenance of  £60,000. The main maintenance was carried in 1985 with cost of  £400,000. The major refurbishment was carried due to the bad condition as following: The superstructure was seriously corroded. Poor state of operating machines and its placed with electrically hydraulic system. At present time the bridge causes problems due to its position which is close to the North Sea. The surface layer of the paint being de-bonded, the flakes fallen into the river damaging the flora and fauna of marina. Moreover, the chloride is extremely high and causes serious corrosion to the steel plate of the bridge. New bridge. Movable Bridge. This type of bridge that moves in order to allows the ships and boats etc, to pass through. This design is economical because it reduces the cost of construction and this can be achieved by building it on the ground, evading the disbursals of high piers and the long approaches. Therefore this provides the ease of passages for the ships and reducing the constructions expense. Movable bridges is operating by different methods such as electrical motors like gearing and hydraulic pistons etc. these bridges also cause traffic delay because the traffic has to be stop to let the sea traffic to pass. Basically, there are 13 types of movable bridges and the common types are Swing Bridge and Bascule Bridge. Types of bridges. Name Description Design Drawbridge. The bridge deck is hinged on one end. Drawbridge..jpg Figure 4 Drawbridge Bascule bridge. A drawbridge hinged on pins with a counterweight to facilitate raising. bascule bridge.jpg Figure 5 Bascule bridge Folding bridge. A drawbridge with multiple sections that collapse together horizontally. Folding bridge.jpg Figure 6 Folding Bridge Curling bridge. A drawbridge with multiple sections that curl vertically. Curling bridge.jpg Figure 7 Curling bridge Lift bridge. The bridge deck is lifted up by counterweighted cables mounted on towers. Lift bridge.jpg Figure 8 Lift bridge Table bridge. A lift bridge with the lifting mechanism mounted underneath it. Table bridge.jpg Figure 9 Table bridge Retractable bridge (Thrust bridge). The bridge deck is retracted to one side. Retractable bridge.jpg Figure 10 Retractable bridge (Thrust bridge) Rolling bridge. An unhinged drawbridge which is lifted by the rolling of a large gear segment along a horizontal rack. Figure 11 Rolling bridge Submersible bridge. The bridge deck is lowered down into the water. Submersible bridge 4.jpg Figure 12 Submersible bridge Tilt bridge. The bridge deck, which is curved, is lifted up at an angle. Tilt bridge.jpg Figure 13 Tilt bridge Swing bridge. The bridge deck rotates around a fixed point, usually at the centre, but may resemble a gate in its operation. Swing bridge.jpg Figure 14 swing bridge Transport bridge. A structure high above carries a suspended, ferry-like structure. Transporter bridge 1.jpg Figure 15 Transport bridge Jet bridge. A passenger bridge to an airplane. One end is mobile with height, yaw, and tilt adjustments on the outboard end. AdelaidJetBridgeS7386.jpg Figure 16 Jet bridge Bascule Bridge. Bascule Bridges are the most popular of opening bridges, the main part of bascule bridges is the counterweight, which is designed to be overhead counterweight or counterweight below the deck as shown in figure 17 and 18. Counterweight is continuously balance the leaf (span) This kind of bridge is to balance the bridges that rotate about the horizontal axis at right angle to its longitudinal centerline. Bascule severely implements to these kind that consist of a single moving element, which turns about the horizontal line close to its centre of gravity in order that the weight on one side that rotate on an axis mostly balance the weight on the other side, however the balance usually not precise. The movement of the bascule bridge mostly is up and down, when it moves keeping the bridge closed, its called as span heavy, or if its moving to keep the bridge to open its called counterweight heavy. Bascule Bridge can possibly be a single or double leaf that moves up and down to allow sea traffic to pass through. . 29.png Figure 17 single bascule bridge with overhead counterweight Figure 18 single bascule bridge with counterweight below the deck road Double leaf Bascule Bridge. It comprises of two leaves pointed opposite each other and connected together at their ends where they attach over the navigation channel as shown in figure19. The distinction between the single and double is the double leaf has advantages as following: Its higher above the water level with the same span. Rapidly opening Large navigation headway while its closed. Provide less wind resistance. Require small counterweight. Require small machinery. The disadvantage is that the double bascule bridge requires two times as much of every part. Untitled.png Figure 19 Double bascule bridge with counterweight below the deck road Many types of bascule bridges have many failures, where as the Rolling lift type Scherzer type invention solved these problems with distinct advantages: As it rotates it pulls itself out of the way of navigation. Provide more clearance to ships compared with other types from the same class. It does not have to open at wider angel as the other type of bridges to give a clear way for the ships. Rolling bascule Lift Bridge has one disadvantage such as it does not pivot about a hinge point, instead utilizing a rack and pinion mechanism to maintain the support and alignment. Figure 20 Fixed-trunnion Bascule design Figure 21 Rolling Bascule The common type of design is called Chicago Bascule this structure of it is much better than the others where it is a fixed-trunnion bascule design, the bridge pivoted around a large axel when trunnion slopes upward, see figures 20, 21 and 22. rackpinion.gif Figure 22 Rack and Pinion mechanisms The difference between Double-leaf Bascule Bridge and Swing Bridge. Double leaf bascule bridge with overhead counterweight Advantages Disadvantages It works as a cantilever for both dead/live load and its simply supported for live load. Overhead-counterweight is exposed to vandalism and perhaps blocks aspect of view. The mechanisms can be avoided from the bad weathering and risks of vandalism by place them underneath the road deck. 2. The power required from the machinery to move the span is proportional to the max wind speed over large area of deck. Provide great opening and closing compared with swing beiges. Provide clearance to small boasts without fully opening. Swing bridge Advantages Disadvantages The power required from machinery to move the span is not great as for bascule bridge Its required more time for opening and closing compared with Bascule Bridge. The machinery is under the deck but part of them dipped into the water. Long pier required to protect the span and this block the scene of the view. Does not require building cofferdam for piers and foundation construction and protection. The old Bascule Bridge of Whtiby. The earlier bridge was Bascule Bridge constructed before the existing swing bridge in the heart of Whitby. The bridge was manually operated before replacing it by hydraulic operated swing bridge. Therefore, proposing to build new modern bascule bridge can bring back Whitbys historical heritage and remember the local people to their history. Improving or Replacing the Swing Bridge. General. As a result from the current condition of the swing bridge must be maintained by  £60,000 annually. On the other hand after few years it might to be carry maintenance with high cost. Therefore to construct new bridge with good specifications wont be maintained at least for the first decades. Basically its suitable to construct new bridge that might cost around  £350,000 thousand instead of using it for maintenance on the current swing bridge. The new design will avoid all the environmental effects, high cost of maintenance, and traffic congestion within the bridge and greatly reduce the risk exposed to pedestrians. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the Whitby should have a new bridge rather than spending money on providing maintenance to the swing bridge. The Viable Solution. The viable solution, whichever to improve or replace the Swing Bridge has been decided to replace it with new bascule bridge in the same location. The new bascule bridge will be used just by pedestrians and freight cars due to the area surrounding the current swing bridge it will be pedestrianized refer to New Development. As for the traffic, new bascule bridge will be constructed in the upper Harbour zone from New Quay Road to Church Street Car Park, refer to New Crossing. It will be used by traffic and pedestrians in order to reduce the traffic congestion and danger/risk exposure to pedestrians. The good advantages of this viable solution are: The new bascule bridge between the Church Street and New Quay Road will be constructed first and use the current Swing bridge as temporary bridge in order to reduce the cost of the construction. When construction is finished the current swing bridge will be replace with new bascule bridge which is just for pedestrians, and bring back old memories of first bascule bridge. When the construction of new pedestrians Bascule Bridge will be finished, so the tourist and local in peak season they will be comfortable to walk along the bridge without any congestion, no fear from traffic and enjoy the scene of the Harbour zone centre. Proposed location of new bridge. General. The locations are important to verify the reason of chosen bridge type, as well as proposing locations are useful to choose the appropriate position for the bridge. The location should be reasonable to match with other locations and suggestion of New Developments. Therefore, it should be easy to access and satisfy the users. All locations that will be proposed must not ruin other places and New Quay road to Church Street via Bridge Street. This proposal shows where the new pedestrians bascule bridge will be constructed which is in the same location of current swing bridge. When the new bascule bridge will be used by pedestrians the narrow road on both side will sufficient for them and enjoy the scene the Harbour zone, there wont be any demolishing required, no affect to ships owners and their parks and the old swing bridge can be placed in museum as memorial, as shown in figures 23 and 24. Figure 23 new pedestrians Bascu7le Bridge Untitled.jpg Figure 24 new pedestrians Bascule Bridge New Quay Road to Church Street. New bascule bridge for traffic and pedestrians, Refer to New crossing. Deck design of new pedestrians Bascule Bridge. The deck design of the bridge will be formulated to fit the maximum possible amount of pedestrians without any risk. In order to comply with the safety of the pedestrians the dimensions as the following: The comprehensive width of the deck is 6m. The total length of the deck will be the same as the total length of the bridge which is 43m as shown in figure 25. The overall thickness of the deck from the centre is 200mm and it descends to 190mm to both side ends of the bridge. This inclination counted for the drainage system. Concrete slab thickness is 0.15 meter. Historical brick thickness 0.05 meter. See figure 26. Handrails will be in the same dimensions for both sides. The recommended material that can be used for the Handrails is aluminum alloy which is can resist the corrosion from chloride spread from the air. Street lights will be installed on the bridge to enjoy the view during night time. The deck pavement will be brick covering the layer of the concrete to match with surrounding building and protect the history of the town. As well as for the piers. The material that will be used for the deck is composite concrete, this type will be used because it takes time to reach the certain rigidity in order to steel deck can serve as bracing for all horizontal forces. The beams that will be used to carry the load of the deck are I-beams; the design contains two beams parallel to each other along the length of the deck. The best steel beams type can be used that can resist the corrosion is galvanized steels beams and also can be painted to prevent it from revealing to chloride attack. Figure 25. Front elevation Figure 26. Section of deck and pier General assumption calculation for the pedestrians bascule bridge attached with next sheet. New crossing Proposed location of new bridge General The locations are important to verify reason of chosen bridge, as well as proposing locations are useful to choose the appropriate position for the bridge. The location should be reasonable to match with other locations. Therefore, it should easy to access, comfortable size and satisfy the users. From the viable solution of swing bridge that will be pedestrianized and the area around. So new crossing must be provide to solve the matter of traffic, its have been decided that new bascule bridge will be constructed for both traffic and pedestrians as a part of the viable solution. The best location of the bridge has been decided to be build between New Quay road and Church Street. New Quay Road to Church Street This proposal illustrates the location of the bascule bridge that will be constructed almost parallel to the swing bridge. This location has good advantages due to non narrow road, there is no demolishing required except on the river banks where the bridge is connected to the both sides. Having look at to the site, on the side of New Quay Road the pedestrians pathway has adequate space can be widen in order to construct the two lane new bascule bridge, in the other side the traffic and pedestrians can easily get access to Church Street throughout car park, the main advantages of these two sides are: Its easy to construct. No demolishing required to any houses, historical building or shops. Wont affect any boats, ships parking Wont have any objection from locals, or vessel owners. Figure: shown traffic from New Quay Road to Church Street Deck design of new traffic and pedestrians Bascule Bridge. The deck will be designed for pedestrian and traffic, this design should accommodate both of them without having any traffic congestion and avoid pedestrian from risk. Therefore, the design must comply for both of them. The dimensions will be as following: 13 meters overall width. 4 meters wide for each lane. 2.5 meters wide for pedestrians pathway for each side. 0.29 meter total thickness from the center of the deck sloping down to 0.28 meter to the ends parallel to pathways. This allows water to drift sideways to drainage system. Concrete slab thickness is 0.15 meters. Two layers of tar thickness are 0.12 meters. 0.02 meter bitumen thickness will be covering the concrete deck. Handrails will be design The Handrails design will be on both sides to prevent pedestrians to step out on the road. Therefore, the hazard will be greatly reduced for pedestrians. The perfect design of Handrails should comply with the decrease of risk. So the design of handrails on the side next to the road will be 500mm height concrete barrier and 500mm handrails above the concrete. As for the material used, composite concrete will be used in the deck because before the concrete reaches certain rigidity, steel deck is needed to serve as bracing for all horizontal forces. The best of handrails material its recommended to use galvanized steel handrails. The assumption calculation procedure for the new crossing is the same as new pedestrians bridge but the structural dimension will be different depending on the load because it has different material such as Asphalt, bitumen and concrete etc Abutment: for both bascule bridges. The abutment is the structure that conveys the load from deck to the pile cap. Thus, the size of the abutment is 3mÃÆ'-3m on the top part, and 2ÃÆ'-2 on the lower part, as shown in figure Cofferdam: Construction for both bascule bridges. Before construction the foundation, essentially required a cofferdam to be constructed to prevent the water from entering into foundation construction area. Sheet of steel plates that are joined together is commonly used type due to ease of penetration and pull out of the ground. Therefore after construction of the cofferdam the water need to be pumped out. Construction of counterweight: for both bascule bridges. The counterweight duty is to balance the closing and opening of the bridge which are called counterweight heavy and heavy span or held on position , the design of counterweight usually 1.5 1.7 times of the overall weight of the deck. Its recommended to choose 1.6 to provide appropriate counterweight for opening and closing. The recommended type of counterweight mechanism is Rack and pinion rather than using hydraulic pistons system. The Rack and pinion is more economic and easy to maintain comparing with hydraulic pistons system. Calculation of counterweight weight of Pedestrians Bridge. Total load of the deck ÃÆ'- 1.6 = 0 Therefore: 1856 ÃÆ'- 1.6 = 297 KN. Calculation of counterweight weight of traffic and pedestrians Bascule Bridge will be the same as above. Foundations and geology: for both bascule bridges In accordance with boreholes data, the following boreholes 22, 26 and 113 around the area of Swing bridge location are representing different characteristics. The information of borehole 22 shows the following: The depth from the surface up to 4.90 meters, the soil consists of made ground. Starting from 4.90 meters down to 15.00 meters deep, the soil composed of alluvium. The made ground and alluvium soil layers contains of coarse gravel, Sandy silty, Sandy clay, Alluvium soil, these types of soils have different status and properties such as the unit weight, void ratio, low shear strength and high ability to be compacted/condensed. The information of Borehole 113 illustrates the following. Starting from surface down to 2.45 meters deep, the soil composed of alluvium. From 2.45 meters down to 12.20 meters deep, the soil is mainly sand and gravel. From 12.20 meters, countdown to depth of 3.80 meters, the soil made up of alluvium. Starting from 3.80 meters depth layer of alluvium to depth of 16.85 meters, the soil consists of sandstone and glacial. The information of borehole 26 has the same characteristics, properties and condition of borehole 22 and 113. Footing. Based on the soil condition and the deck load the appropriate recommended size of footing of the pedestrians bascule bridge dimensions will be 3m ÃÆ'- 3m width and length. Piles Recommended type that can be used is steel tubular piles. Specification Steel tubular piles (rounded piles). Closed-ended, this means that the toe of the pile is welded with a piece of steel plate, and poured into it with concrete in order to strike the concrete with hummer. Stiffeners can be installed within the piles to enlarge buckling and bending resistance. The propose from using this type because it has common use in marina structure nowadays. Therefore the number of piles to be constructed for pedestrians Bascule Bridge as following: Four piles for each pier. The diameter of each pile is 400mm. As for the new crossing bridge: The footing size and number of piles to be constructed will be different than the pedestrians bridge because the new crossing has two lanes, different deck dimensions and two piers next to each other as shown in figure.. Method statement Introduction This method statement illustrates how all activities or special duties will be carried out. It shows the possible hazard connected with specific works and how to control it, in order to manage the work safely. Scope of works This document act toward with the constructions of three bridges over the river Esk of Whitby. The first bridge is new bascule bridge for pedestrians will be located in the same location of the existing Swing bridge, second bridge is the another new bascule bridge for both traffic and pedestrians will be located on the upper Harbour zone, and the third is to construct new Arch bridge will be situated in the same place of the high level bridge. Health and safety welfare and facilities Impermanent welfare facilities will be provided by the contractor or sub-contractor which will be accepted by the both. Welfare facilities should satisfy all staff which will include canteens, toilets etc. capable qualified personnel and a suitable number of first aid kits should be available during work period. All staff must undergo implement working rules, wearing personal protective equipment that will protect them against all different risks such as safety jackets, helmets, gloves, eye protection, shoes and good quality clothes that can clearly seen etc. General Approach. The construction preparation of the three new bridges will engage activities on the site for new development. The construction of the bridges will be in sensitive places which are important connection between two sides of Whitby in the centre of the Harbour zone. The majority of people and traffic need to move along to get on the other side and its significant especially in the peak season for tourists to enjoy the scene of the Harbour zone and traffic crossing Whitby coming from Tess to Scarborough. Therefore, the construction should be finished in short time. Hence the work duration for both bascule bridges will be as following: Weekdays, 7:00 19:00. Weekends, 9:00 13:00. Irregular works at night if its required. As for the new Arch bridge will be two shits per day as following: First shift Weekdays, 7:00 14:00. second shift, 14:00 21:00 Weekends. Saturday will be at the same time as weekdays. Sunday, one shift from 7:00 to 14:00. Prefabrication of bridge will be carried out off-site if needed. Construction activities on the new two Bascule Bridges will include. Site set up, including offices, services and facilities. Container offices are the economics and fast to build or remove. container_staircase_construction_office_02.jpg Figure 25 Containers offices Construction of piles support abutments of the bridge for both leafs. yourfile.jpground-pile-caps.jpg Figure 26 Steel tubular piles Figure 27 pile caps Construction of footing and piers for the bridge. Namibia_Caprivi_ZambeziBridge_Construction-Pier_1.jpg Figure 28 bridge piers Construction of impermanent fencing and entry gates, provisional noise and dust reduction devices around the site compounds. gates.jpguntitled.JPG Figure 29 Entry gates Figure 30 fences bnb.jpgccccc.jpg Figure 31 Permenant niose reduction Figure 32 Dust reduction devices Construction of impermanent environmental defense works, along with stormwater management and cars, vans, heavy machineries and trucks wheel washer. 5369_ss100_Round[2].JPGwheelwashbig2.jpg Figure 33 environmental protections Figure 34 Wheel washers Construction of cofferdams, the appropriate types for rivers is sheet piles due to its their ability of penetration to many different types of ground, water tightness given by its interlocking sections. cc.bmp Figure 35 Cofferdams Provide special machineries for river bed cleaning, and disposal all the rubbish to unauthorized areas or use it for filling. untitledb.bmpclean.jpg Figure 36 Excavator for river cleaning Figure 37 clam shale for river cleaning Provide pile drive machinery for piles installations. pile-driver-image1.gif Figure 38 Pile drive machines Constructions of temporary structures and footing demanded for the launch of the bridge for both sides if required. Activity includes preparation of hardstand areas for crane access and a long steel structure for the fabrications and set up of the bridge. Setting up and testing of establishing equipments. Proper lights should be installed in right places that will be used during night works. trip_kashaf.jpg Figure 39 site lights Provide appropriate cranes that can carry all parts of the bridge and arrange locations for standing whether if it on either sides or using barge crane. crane_page4.jpgBargeCrane.jpg Figure 40 heavy crane Figure 41river heavy crane Installation of security guards to separate the site construction from live roads such as NJ-barriers or fences or others. P145-01.jpguntitled.bmp Figure 42 NJ-barriers Figure 43 cones Site survey of the area designed for the passage and location of the cranes to be having a part in the setting of the bridge. Rearrangement or construction of protection works of existing services probably to be affected by the setting operations. Removing the Swing Bridge. Set up the method to remove it with any damages to the swing bridge. Provide cranes for uplift each span whether from sides of the bridge or by barge carne. Demolishing the foundation and recycled if its in proper condition or use it for land filling. All staff must have an experience about removing heavy structure to ensure that the bridge will be in the same condition after removing. Provide trucks or ships that can carry the weight of each span. Clean/wash the spans and all parts from any impurities that can affect the environment. Construction works during weekends for the launching of the bridges. Working together with energy company staff respecting power failure and other safety routines. Formal approval that the lanes, paths, roads surrounding area of launching to be closed for the weekends and first night for people safety and avoid any vandalism actions. Installation of floodlights and other possibility measures determined by the risk analysis. Setting operation. Installation of the bridge on its permanent bearing. Construction time period. The duration of the project depends on the obtainability of tracks to accomplish the removing and construction of the bridge. Removing of Swing Bridge depends on the plan, equipments and labours. Construction of foundation and piers can be fulfilled in normal times. The construction of the bridge will be divided into different stages: Stage 1: Consists of construction of the pile installation, footing, piers, impermanent structure and prefabrication of the bridge and precast elements if it will be provided. Stage 2: Launching of the new bascule bridge, which wont to take long time. Stage 3: Two day plan to check bridge deck

No Butts About It :: essays research papers

No Butts About It Bruce Robert Nelson's conviction ought to be overturned. He ought to have maintained a civil suit against the Hennepin County Sheriff and the Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis for violation of his federal constitutional rights. These rights include, inter alia, his rights against illegal search and seizure of the drugs from inside his body, and violation of his rights against self incrimination. These rights are granted to every American resident and citizen including Nelson, by the 4th and 5th Amendment to the Constitution, respectively. The authorities including the warden at the federal prison should also be made parties to the civil suit and their liability may include, such causes as unlawful imprisonment, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. At least those remedies would be available to Nelson if and only if 1) No further warrant was obtained before the invasive search of Nelson's stomach and 2) No appeal was taken and the United States Supreme Court did not specifically sanction this operation upon the defendant. The reason for the above is that the evidence was seized upon an invalid warrant. The warrant that was obtained to search Nelson's person and possessions was never intended to authorize such invasive procedure. Under the 4th Amendment, the warrant is required to specify the physical boundaries of the search and the U.S. Supreme Court has consistently held that if a surgical procedure is needed then also a warrant. Had the Hennepin County Sheriff obtained another warrant before the surgical procedure they may have been shielded from liability in Nelson's civil suit. The requirement for a special warrant in the case of such a highly invasive surgery is an attempt to balance the authorities right to force a suspect to undergo serious medical surgery on suspicions that are spurious at best and at worst giving unfeathered power to authorities which may be abused. If the evidence is sufficiently strong then it should be presented to an independent federal magistrate or judge for an evaluation and a determination of the existence of the "probable cause" requirement of the 4th and 5th Amendments to the Constitution. The fact that Nelson signed a consent form prior to the performance of the endoscopy which provided the incriminating evidence was not in and of itself conclusive. Apparently Nelson did not have a lawyer before he signed the consent form. There is no indication that he was given Miranda warnings but we do know that he signed under protest and authorization given under these inherently coercive conditions have been repelled by the judicial system.